Tiling is considered an ancient and captivating art in the field of architecture, especially for decorating the exterior and interior of buildings, notably religious sites. Iranian tiling comes in various forms, suitable for different spaces. In this article, we will explore the history of tiling before and after the advent of Islam in Iran and examine tiling practices in other parts of the world. Additionally, you'll learn about different types of tiling used in buildings.
History of Tiling Art in Iran and Worldwide
The earliest form of tiling, closely resembling today's practices, dates back to 4700 BC in Egypt. Additionally, by 7000 BC, tile-making was prevalent in Mesopotamia, along the eastern bank of the Tigris River.
Many ancient civilizations used small, square-shaped clay tiles for architectural decoration. In Iran, tiling is a traditional and long-standing art, with turquoise tiles from Isfahan being some of the most beautiful and oldest examples. From the 8th to the 12th century, tiling flourished as a popular method for decorating buildings, including homes and mosques.
Iranian Tiling Before and After the Arrival of Islam
One of the most remarkable examples of pre-Islamic Iranian tiling dates back 2,500 years to the Apadana Palace in Susa, built during Darius’s reign. The palace walls were adorned with glazed tiles depicting winged lions, the royal guard, and lotus flowers. After the advent of Islam in Iran, tiling evolved, with many stunning and intricate works surviving to this day. During the Ilkhanid period, tiles that were damaged during the Mongol invasions were restored.
In the Ilkhanid era, the technique of using blue tiles replaced enamel work. The tiles were glazed in beautiful colors like white, turquoise, and azure, and additional hues such as red, black, or brown were later applied before the tiles were fired again. During the Timurid era, the labor-intensive mosaic tiling was replaced by the faster and more affordable "seven-color" tiling method, which allowed for multiple colors on a single tile.
Tiling Techniques in Buildings
There are several tiling methods used in building construction, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. Let's explore them:
Traditional Tiling: Traditional tiling is a long-standing method in both Iran and other parts of the world. It is commonly used for decorating mosques, palaces, caravanserais, and aristocratic homes. Unlike modern tiling, traditional methods rely heavily on the craftsmanship of skilled artisans, incorporating hand-painting and careful arrangement of tiles. The most famous types of traditional tiling include mosaic tiling, seven-color tiling, muqarnas tiling (stalactite-like formations), and pierced (lattice) tiling.
Modern Tiling: Thanks to advancements in technology, modern tiling methods have made the tiling process easier for builders. In factories, tiles are now mass-produced with the help of advanced machinery, and methods like grout, mortar, or adhesive are used for installation. Modern tiling styles include glossy mosaic tiles, geometric tiling, and subway tiles.
Tiling Installation Methods in Modern Tiling
Proper tile installation is crucial for achieving a precise and aesthetically pleasing result. Several methods can be used:
Mortar Tiling: This method is suitable for the final rows of tiling under ceilings, where grout application isn't feasible. The surface is first leveled with cement and sand, and once it dries, the tiles are installed.
Grout Tiling: Primarily used for walls, the first row is carefully leveled before the tiles are fixed using clay paste. Afterward, grout is applied in two stages to secure the tiles in place.
Adhesive Tiling: This method is ideal for installing tiles over existing tiles. The surface is roughened, cleaned, and then tiles are attached using special adhesive.
Types of Iranian Tiling
Iranian tiles are categorized based on their production techniques, offering a wide range of styles with unique applications. Some of the most notable types include:
Mosaic Tiling: This type features intricate geometric patterns created by combining small tiles. It often incorporates Kufic inscriptions, as seen in the Mir Bozorg shrine in Amol.
Seven-Color Tiling: Popular during the Safavid era, this method combines small glazed bricks with vibrant colors and traditional motifs, still widely used today in mosques and historical buildings.
Muqarnas Tiling: One of the oldest tiling methods in Iran, muqarnas is a decorative technique that creates stalactite-like formations on ceilings or walls. These designs are often made using plaster, lime, or bricks.
Pierced Tiling: This method is used to manage natural light and ventilation, particularly in regions with intense sunlight. Geometric patterns like squares, hexagons, and triangles are common.
Soapstone Tiling: Also known as gombad (dome) tiling, this style is used in mosques and domes. It is known for its durability and resistance to weathering.
Knot Tiling: This technique creates a continuous network of lines that form a cohesive design, often seen in religious or cultural buildings.
Different Types of Tiling in Construction
Over time, advancements in tiling production and installation methods have resulted in innovations such as:
Classic Tiling: Small square tiles are adhered using grout for increased strength.
Mosaic Tiling: Similar to the classical style, but with more detailed patterns.
Sculptural Tiling: Custom tiles are cut and arranged to create sculptures or decorative motifs.
Regular Tiling: Tiles are installed directly onto the surface, spaced using mesh or plastic separators, and grouted afterward.
Conclusion
Tiling and the art of tiling have deep roots in Islamic countries, with numerous historical and religious sites showcasing the beauty of this craft. Although tiling used to be labor-intensive, modern technology has made it a much easier and accessible profession. Today, a wide variety of tiles are available for use in architecture and decoration, preserving the traditional charm while embracing new advancements.